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The Final Solution ((ドイツ語:(die) Endlösung), (:ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ)) or Final Solution to the Jewish Question ((ドイツ語:die Endlösung der Judenfrage), (:diː ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ deːɐ̯ ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaːɡə)) was a global plan during World War II to systematically exterminate the Jewish population in Nazi-occupied Europe through genocide. This policy was formulated in procedural terms at the Wannsee Conference in January, 1942,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005477 )〕 and culminated in the Holocaust which saw the killing of two thirds of the Jewish population of Europe.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005151 )〕 In his account, ''The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy: September 1939 – March 1942'', Christopher Browning describes the Final Solution as "a program aimed at murdering every last Jew in the German grasp".〔 Declaring that no aspect of the Holocaust has been studied and debated as intensively as the nature and timing of the decisions that led to the Final Solution, Browning writes: "Most historians agree there is no 'big bang' theory for the origins of the Final Solution, predicated on a single decision made at a single moment in time. It is generally accepted the decision-making process was prolonged and incremental."〔Browning, ''The Origins Of The Final Solution'', 2004, p. 213〕 Raul Hilberg has stated that in the first phase of the Final Solution, in the occupied USSR, the killers moved to the victims; in the second phase, across Europe, the victims were brought to the killers.〔 ==Background== The "Final Solution" was the Nazis' euphemistic term for their plan to annihilate the Jewish people.〔 Historians, including Mark Roseman, have shown that the usual tendency of the Nazi leadership when discussing the Final Solution was to be extremely guarded. Euphemisms were "their normal mode of communicating about murder".〔Roseman, ''The Villa, The Lake, The Meeting'', 2004, p.87〕 From gaining power in January 1933 until the outbreak of war in September 1939, the chief focus of the Nazi persecution of the Jews was on intimidation, expropriating their money and property, and encouraging them to emigrate. After the Anschluss with Austria in 1938, special facilities were established in Vienna and Berlin to "facilitate" Jewish emigration. The aim was not to hold Jews in readiness for later annihilation.〔Roseman, ''The Villa, The Lake, The Meeting'', 2004, pp.11–12〕 The outbreak of war and the invasion of Poland brought a population of three million Polish Jews under the control of the Nazi security forces, and marked the start of a far more savage persecution, including mass killings.〔 Jews were forced into ghettos pending other solutions. After the invasion of the Soviet Union, in June 1941 the Nazi government began to conceive of a plan to exterminate the Jews of Europe. Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was the chief architect of the plan, which came to be called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question.〔 pp. 36–110〕 On July 31, 1941, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring wrote to Reinhard Heydrich, who was Himmler's deputy and the chief of the RHSA,〔Roseman, ''The Villa, The Lake, The Meeting'', 2004, pp.14–15〕〔Hilberg, ''The Destruction of the European Jews'', 1985, p. 278〕 instructing Heydrich to submit plans "for the implementation of the projected final solution of the Jewish question (Endlösung der Judenfrage)". Raul Hilberg writes that, broadly speaking, the annihilation phase was accomplished in two major operations. With the invasion of the USSR in June 1941, mobile killing units of the SS and the police were dispatched to Soviet territory where they were to kill all Jewish inhabitants. In the second operation, the Jewish population of central, western, south-eastern Europe were transported to camps with gassing facilities. Hilberg writes, "In essence, the killers of the occupied USSR moved to the victims, whereas outside this arena, the victims were brought to the killers."〔Hilberg, ''The Destruction of the European Jews'', 1985, p. 273〕 Massacres of about one million Jews occurred before plans for the Final Solution were fully implemented in 1942, but it was only with the decision to annihilate the entire Jewish population that extermination camps such as Auschwitz and Treblinka were constructed with gas chambers to kill large numbers of Jews in a relatively short period of time. The decision to systematically kill the Jews of Europe "irrespective of geographic borders", including Jews in Vichy France and French North Africa, had been made by the time of the Wannsee Conference, which took place at the Wannsee Villa in Berlin, on January 20, 1942. The conference was chaired by Heydrich, and attended by 15 senior officials of the Nazi Party and the German government. Most of those attending were senior representatives of ministries with responsibilities for the "Jewish question"—the Interior Ministry, the Foreign Ministry, the Justice Ministry, and Ministers for the Eastern Territories.〔Roseman, ''The Villa, The Lake, The Meeting'', 2004, pp.65–67〕 The purpose of the conference was to discuss and co-ordinate plans outlined by Heydrich as how best to implement the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question". A surviving copy of the minutes of this meeting〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Protocol of Conference on the final solution (Endlösung) of the Jewish question )〕 was found by the Allies in March 1947; it was too late to serve as evidence during the first Nuremberg Trial but was used by prosecutor Brigadier General Telford Taylor in the subsequent Nuremberg Trials.〔Roseman Mark, ''The Villa, The Lake, The Meeting'', 2002, pp. 1–2〕 From July 1942, Operation Reinhard, the mass murder of Polish Jews, initiated the systematic extermination of the Jews. Heinrich Himmler's speeches at the Posen Conference on October 6, 1943, in which he discussed why the Nazi leadership found it necessary to kill Jewish women and children as well as men, clearly explained to the assembled leaders of the Third Reich that the Nazi state policy was "the extermination of the Jewish people".〔Letter written by Albert Speer who attended Posen Conference.〕 At the end of the war, captured German documents provided a clear record of the Final Solution policies and actions of Nazi Germany. The Wannsee Conference Protocol, which documented the co-operation of various German state agencies in the SS-led Holocaust, and the Einsatzgruppen Reports, which documented the progress of the mobile killing units assigned, among other tasks, to kill Jewish civilians during the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, were central to the evidence which documented the mechanism of the Holocaust, and were submitted at Nuremberg.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007271 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Final Solution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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